Fun with Futex

Fun post! An alternative to using futexes to store thread queues in kernel space is to store them yourself. E.g. the parking_lot[0] Rust crate, inspired by WebKit[1], uses only one byte to store the unlocked/locked/locked_contended state, and under contention uses the address of the byte to index into a global open-addressing hash table of thread queues. You look up the object's entry, lock said entry, add the thread to the queue, unlock it, and go to sleep. Because you know that there is at most one entry per thread, you can keep the load factor very low in order to keep the mutex fast and form the thread queue out of a linked list of thread-locals. Leaking the old hash on resizing helps make resizing safe.

As a result, uncontended locks work the same as described in the blog post above; under contention, performance is similar to a futex too. But now your locks are only one byte in size, regardless of platform – while Windows allows 1-byte futexes, they're always 4 bytes on Linux and iirc Darwin doesn't quite have an equivalent api (but I might be wrong there). You also have more control over parked threads if you want to implement different fairness criteria, reliable timeouts or parking callbacks.

One drawback of this is that you can only easily use this within one process, while at least on Linux futexes can be shared between processes.

I've written a blog post[2] about using futexes to implement monitors (reëntrant mutexes with an associated condvar) in a compact way for my toy Java Virtual Machine, though I've since switched to a parking-lot-like approach.

[0]: https://github.com/amanieu/parking_lot [1]: https://webkit.org/blog/6161/locking-in-webkit [2]: https://specificprotagonist.net/jvm-futex.html

> don’t wake this thread up while the value is still X

That's the wrong way to think about FUTEX_WAIT. What it does is "put this thread to sleep unless the value is not X".

> If you call futex wait and the value is unchanged, the sleeping thread will not wake up!

[I assume this was meant to be FUTEX_WAKE] I can't be bothered to check the kernel source or to test, but I would be surprised if this is true as it might cause missed wakeups in an ABA scenario. Futex_wake must wake up at least one successful futex_wait that happens-before the wake. Futexes are best understood as edge triggered, stateless (outside of the wait list itself) primitives, so the value at the futex location (as opposed to its address) is not really important[1], except as a guard to avoid missed wakeups.

Unfortunately the name itself (Fast Userspace Mutex) is a bit misleading, because a mutex is only one of the many things you can do with a futex. They really are a generalized waiting and signaling primitive.

[1] for plain WAIT and WAKE at least, the bitset operations or the robust futex operations are more complex and attach semantics to the value.

Darwin has its own set of futex primitives that it only fairly recently made public API, see https://developer.apple.com/documentation/os/os_sync_wait_on.... But there is a problem with this approach on Darwin, which is that the Darwin kernel has a Quality of Service thread priority implementation that differs from other kernels such that mutexes implemented with spinlocks or with primitives like this are vulnerable to priority inversion. Priority inversion is of course possible on other platforms, but other kernels typically guarantee even low-priority threads always eventually get serviced, whereas on Darwin a low-QoS thread will only get serviced if there are no higher-QoS threads that want to run.

For this reason, on Darwin if you want a mutex of the sort this article describes, you'll typically want to reach for os_unfair_lock, as that will donate the priority of the waiting threads to the thread that holds the lock, thus avoiding the priority inversion issue.

Related: did the idea of rseq `RSEQ_SCHED_STATE_FLAG_ON_CPU` for adaptive userspace mutexes [1] ever come to anything? I think there are a lot of userspace lock implementations using adaptive mutexes (including say `absl::Mutex` in C++ and `parking_lot::Mutex` in Rust). This seemed promising as a better way to decide when to switch from spinning to blocking.

[1] https://lwn.net/Articles/944895/

The annoying thing about locks (at least the variant that waits) is not just that you have to enter the kernel and wait when the lock is not available (fair enough), but also that the current holder will have to wake you, which requires another dip into the kernel by the holder.

I have been thinking on and off on how to create a syscall-less wake operation. One way to get almost what you want is to have a polling io_uring. That still requires one kernel thread that busy polls per application. Maybe this is fine in some application architectures but it's not ideal.

It would be nice if there was a way to use Intel's debug registers to write a value to some address, which would then interrupt some kernel task, allowing that kernel task to somehow figure out what futex to wake, without the interrupter having to enter the kernel.