Consumer-grade routers on puny power supplies (2024)

blog.apnic.net

83 points

fanf2

5 days ago


58 comments

ianhowson a day ago

Irrelevant.

1. Downstream of the mains power supply are DC-DC converters that run the router hardware. Those contain the filters and capacitance you think you're fixing. Nothing in that router actually cares about mains power quality. They absolutely do not care about perfect sinusoids.

2. If you were seeing insufficient power to the router, you would observe crashes and faults -- not slowdowns.

3. Two different routers showed the same behavior, which suggests that the fault lies outside the router+power supply and more to do with something common (e.g. network, laptop).

The dip shows a reduction in voltage, and a larger one than I would like, but without a scale on either time or voltage, it's difficult to guess if it actually matters. I would suspect not, since the device does boot successfully. Again, the voltage doesn't matter, since the router runs off its internal DC-DC supplies, not the external power supply.

I'm happy that the capacitor and new supply has fixed the issue, but I'm unconvinced by the explanation. Check grounding between inverter and laptop.

  • Panzer04 a day ago

    Generic issues like brownouts and crashes I can believe as a power fault. Slowdowns? Not likely.

    Possibly he's not describing the problems right. I can certainly believe a shitty enough power supply would cause problems.

    • photon_rancher a day ago

      There’s oscillators out there that slowdown as they brownout. That would cause those symptoms. A lot of logic families have slower edges and longer delays too, not that there would be much asynchronous logic in a router.

      Could also be affecting the analog circuitry more if the droop is too bad or its browning out. That could be loss of gain, SNR, etc.. that could cause packet loss and retransmissions

      • wtallis 13 hours ago

        Are any of those oscillators running off mains power rather than off a lower, separately-regulated supply?

    • pinkorchid a day ago

      That actually happened at my job a few years ago, where some extra power draw off a power supply that was also feeding a PC would slow down the code running there. It does sound crazy...

    • mindslight a day ago

      When I hooked a Raspberry Pi (model B maybe?) up to an analog input on my Marantz NR1605, the UI of the receiver got noticeably laggier until it was barely responsive. Disconnecting made the UI perk back up. I noticed the Pi had a 2.5V DC bias on its audio out. I didn't investigate further.

      As for the article, I'm left with more questions. Surely the solar inverter wasn't running all the time in series, like a double conversion UPS, right? So how how would the mains waveform have been significantly affected in normal operation?

      Also those scope traces, what's the scale? Are we talking 100mV dip, or a 1V dip? And is that a storage scope, or is that one cycle of the supply's ongoing ripple? And the complete lack of any dip on the "fixed" trace with extra capacitance makes me wonder if they even got the triggering right.

      • CoffeeOnWrite a day ago

        I think the inverter is always running in between the batteries and the AC outlets. It's a dedicated "solar circuit".

        I have questions. What's the point of a dedicated solar circuit? They are leasing from their "local lines company". If the lines company is in the leasing business, this system must be grid-tied right? Why the dedicated solar circuit?

        Also, is it common for full sine wave inverters to produce power less clean than the grid? Maybe when the batteries are low? Curious.

    • PaulDavisThe1st a day ago

      Yeah, I've lost two modem/routers to power outage incidents, despite them being on a reasonable quality surge protector.

      But that was an all-or-nothing failure mode in which they would power up but never do anything else. Performance changes is a claim that requires much stronger evidence.

    • Waterluvian a day ago

      I’m super fascinated by the rare occasion that digital things degrade in an analog fashion. Usually they just work or don’t.

  • jen729w a day ago

    My neighbour's internet was terrible last year. He replaced a bunch of stuff, and went as far as switching ISPs to my recommended provider. Nothing worked.

    Finally a savvy helpdesk person had him move his ADSL router. I believe he moved it off a cheap power board and plugged it directly in to the wall.

    All problems immediately solved.

    • e28eta a day ago

      If it’s being moved inside the house, it could also have been a different phone jack that made the difference, or a different cable connecting to the jack.

      • jen729w a day ago

        It wasn't that. It was the power board.

    • PaulHoule a day ago

      ADSL is particular sensitive to electronic noise. I'm afraid to set up my HF ham radio again.

  • kllrnohj a day ago

    A fancy modern turbo'ing CPU which has power availability feedback loops might just slow down in this scenario, but I don't think anyone has put anything remotely that fancy into a low power SoC that these routers were using.

    So yeah, seems unlikely the only impact would be a sluggish dashboard. Maybe the device was churning on error re-transmissions from the brownout? Like the CPU itself was OK but the ethernet ports weren't?

    • ianhowson a day ago

      > Maybe the device was churning on error re-transmissions from the brownout

      I think this is more likely. Two different routers impacted. Crappy grounding or induced noise causing high BER on the links.

    • outworlder a day ago

      How fancy do we really have to get? A Raspberry Pi can detect an inadequate power supply and slow down.

      Granted, cheap consumer devices are much simpler than that, but it's still something that can be added to the SoC.

      • dustyventure a day ago
        6 more

        I think the original Broadcom chips were overstock in the normal market because they were somewhat a nuisance of unnecessary checkboxes that would reward you with further testing/diagnostic complications in return for paying too much..

        • KennyBlanken a day ago
          5 more

          They were overstock because they were underpowered, overpriced garbage targeting the set-top market and those manufacturers weren't interested.

          Ebon Upton started Raspberry Pi to help Qualcomm dump stock they couldn't get rid of otherwise.

          Look at every single Pi to come out - it's been faster than what came before it, but in a matter of weeks half a dozen competitors have better boards with faster processors for cheaper - that don't have all the nonsense like RPi foundation repeatedly fucking up the power supply so vendors could milk people on "pi compatible" USB power bricks.

          A Pi 5 16GB costs $120. Plus case ($10) plus power supply ($12) plus video adapter ($10)...$152. That is absurd.

          • kllrnohj 12 hours ago

            A huge chunk of the value of an RPI is the ecosystem & support. The actual hardware in & of itself is consistently mediocre to poor for the price these days.

            I think RPI is starting to lose sight of that with the Pi 5 and especially the 16gb models. It's starting to just be expensive and the better support for an ARM SBC starts losing a lot of value when it's butting up against x86 mini-pcs like the large number of N100-based options at around the $150 price point[1]. They aren't really any less efficient, and x86 software support is still consistently better than ARM software support.

            1: eg https://www.amazon.com/Beelink-Intel-N100-Computer-Desktop-D... - $170 for a complete unit w/ 16GB RAM & 500GB SSD.

          • dustyventure 17 hours ago

            It's funny that people were once proud of the pragmatic origin story and now apparently ashamed.

          • undersuit a day ago
            2 more

            Cool, I was going to research what a 16GB ram OrangePi would cost but their website is down for me.

  • gazchop a day ago

    I agree that you'd probably see crashes but it still could be power supply related. Crappy SMPS designs do tend to shovel some noise from the primary into the secondary side as well as adding their own. And there's a lot of noise generally coming from an inverter as specified. It might just be adding noise to the line and crapping on the SnR occasionally. ADSL is quite robust but with noise it does slow down horribly if you bend it hard. I used to be able to slow my line down keying on my amateur radio transmitter back in the day.

    About the best thing they did was adding a choke on it.

    On top of that, it's a crappy 40MHz analogue scope. You're not going to see anything useful.

gruez 4 days ago

>Clearly, the router is pulling more current during the dip than the power supply on my solar circuit can supply.

>[...]

>Ideally, we’d want manufacturers to put capacitance to that effect into their router power supplies or at least routers. But we realise that capacitors cost a few cents each and aren’t really required on stable grid supplies. And manufacturing costs matter.

Weird this was being seemingly blamed on "puny power supplies", and that "ideally" manufacturers should be overspecing their power supplies to accommodate his use case. Does he also think manufacturers should "ideally" add a battery to routers on the off chance that there's a transient blackout?

More to the point, he supposedly has a "4500W peak solar sinewave inverter", and his router probably consumes no more than 50W. That 50W is unlikely to cause issues with such a system, and even if it was the straw that broke the camel's back, it's weird to blame it on the router, rather than the inverter or the entire system. If you had a take-home salary of $10k, blew it all on gambling, then your card got declined on a starbucks purchase, you wouldn't characterize this as "my coffee habit was using more money than my income can supply".

  • digitalPhonix 4 days ago

    The 50W load (if that) isn’t the problem - a lot of cheap power supplies assume a perfect sinusoid which you get from a spinning mechanical source of electricity.

    The inverter probably only does a few step approximation of a sin wave which is fine for most things, but clearly not for this power supply which browns out (I’m guessing during an extended period of 0v on the stair step sin approximation).

    Whether your average power supply should be tolerant is unclear, but if it’s the only device playing up it’s clearly less tolerant of imperfect power than everything else.

    • wildzzz a day ago

      The wallwart for the router is going to be a dead simple design that doesn't in the least bit care about how dirty the sine wave is. It goes into a step-down transformer (12VAC usually), into a bridge rectifier (now 12VDC), add some decoupling caps to smooth out the 12V. Inside the router, there will be LDOs that bring that voltage down to something usable along with more decoupling caps to filter the input and output of the LDO. LDOs have high ripple rejection especially at low frequencies so they can take on pretty dirty voltages.

      Unless that little dip on the supply is constantly happening, I highly doubt that's causing any of the issues. That dip could be from in-rush current or from the router powering up, both of which would be happening before any data transfer. It means nothing without any sort of voltage or time scale.

      • alright2565 a day ago
        7 more

        There's no way a router in 2024 is using a big iron transformer. They're too expensive.

        It'll be a switch mode power supply, where the power is rectified, converted to high-frequency AC (50-200 kHz), then sent through a certain specialized transformer.

        • wildzzz a day ago
          2 more

          Piezo transformers are dirt cheap.

          • alright2565 a day ago

            I've never heard of these before, so thank you for making me aware of them, they are very cool.

            Unfortunately I'm unable to find any examples of them used outside of voltage-multiplying circuits in obsolete electronics.

        • timewizard a day ago
          4 more

          There's nothing special about the transformer in SMPS other than it's size which is due to the high frequency.

          The other problem they create, then, is high frequency noise which must be filtered out. Some cheaper adapters just dump the noise back into the mains and cause problems for _other_ devices.

          Come to think of it there's a decent chance it's a /different/ adapter somewhere on his system that's causing the problem and not the size or capacity of the products native adapter.

          • alright2565 a day ago
            2 more

            > the transformer in SMPS other than it's size which is due to the high frequency

            There absolutely is. The core material is not iron, it is a material specifically engineered for the purpose. There's a very specific size gap between the two halves of the core. There's an extra sense coil for the feedback circuit.

            • timewizard a day ago

              It depends on the switching frequency, and not all SMPS run at a high enough frequency to justify ferrite. On top of that ferrite is effectively just iron in a ceramic.

              The gap is controlled by the cross section of the core but also contributes to EMI. The sizing concerns are typically related to the latter problem.

              An SMPS can easily use an external feedback circuit and may do so for certain types of applications. For mass manufactured low current applications you can often buy them with one integrated.

          • Leif24 a day ago

            If you aren't fussed about galvanic isolation there are many SMPS topologies that don't use transformers. Cheapest step down converter would be a simple buck regulator - no transformer needed!

  • krunck a day ago

    There are server power supplies that won't work on non-sinusoidal power sources. (read: cheap UPSs) I learned that the hard way.

    • namibj a day ago

      Use one that has the "240VDC (China only)" rating, and feed them proper DC.

      Or get the modern western ~300V DC input ones, there's no good (technical) reason to feed AC from a non-grid-tie inverter to a SMPS-only circuit.

      The DC can be quite passive, just switched in via a relay and anti-reverse-current-diode together with bridge-rectified mains, she otherwise just bare battery bank voltage There's a reason modern data centers use that style of setup (except with a central power factor correcting rectifier, not a plain bridge rectifier, and often hanging the batteries on it directly using controlled rectifier output voltage to control battery charging).

Animats a day ago

Huh. Is that line on the scope a one-time glitch at power up, or does it happen on every cycle?

"Rummaging through my old parts box unearthed a power supply that was a bit more powerful than the one that came with the router, and even fit the connector." Is he describing a "wall wart" type power supply? A picture would help. A teardown would help more. There are large numbers of really crappy wall-powered DC supplies available, mostly from China.[1]

Look for a UL approval marking and a UL approval number. That indicates at least some attention to quality. UL is mostly concerned about fire safety, but their basic test for power supplies includes connecting it to a load box at the power supply's maximum rating, then running it for a while to see if it overheats. This catches power supplies with exaggerated ratings.

Avoid no-name power supplies. This is a well-known headache.

[1] https://hackaday.com/tag/wall-wart/

  • ssl-3 a day ago

    UL tests electrical products for safety.

    It isn't a mark of quality, or of fitness for purpose.

    It does mean that the device(s) submitted for testing are unlikely to burn your house down, though.

    • immibis 17 hours ago

      And it wouldn't be expected to imply anything about how the device works on a non-standard power source, anyway.

  • giantrobot a day ago

    I've found that a lot of devices anymore just pack in those no-name power supplies. Many things don't even ship with branded PSUs now. It makes sorting my box-o-wallwarts a giant pain in the ass.

    Edit: don't repeat myself

    • themaninthedark a day ago

      Label maker, apply to power supply!

      • giantrobot a day ago
        3 more

        This has been my exact strategy. I've finally got about half my box-o-wallwarts labeled for their associated device.

        • LeifCarrotson a day ago
          2 more

          This is the opposite of my strategy: each wall wart in my box gets a legible label with voltage and ampacity. Eg 9V 200mA, 12V 500mA, etc. Each device gets a corresponding legible label with its required voltage and maximum current.

          Then it's just a matter of picking out one that's adequate for the selected device, it's a many-to-many mapping with lots of valid solutions, not one-to-one.

          • pests a day ago

            Connector size doesn’t matter to you?

  • devwastaken a day ago

    Listing labs are a known scam. you pay them significant amounts to curb what result you want. then you change the components to cheaper quality and sell those.

    The correct and effective means to have safe and correct products is to monetarily and criminally punish corps that produce faulty goods.

    • immibis 17 hours ago

      None of us have the power to do that. The ones with the power do that aren't among us.

klaff 11 hours ago

My guess is something about the waveform of the inverter is tripping up something in the power supply. Many moons ago I worked on laser printers and we had a customer who was melting fusers. Turned out their UPS had small but fast spikes around the zero-crossing that would exceed the allowable dV/dt and trigger the triac to turn on even though there was no gate signal present. That's not the mechanism here but I would scope the AC line from the inverter. I bet it's not clean and something about the weird waveform is confusing the power supply. I don't think the 4500 W inverter is even noticing the loads from the router power supply. The power supply is misbehaving browning out briefly. Nothing in the router will run straight from that supply though, there are DC-DC converters to make the lower voltage used on the board. It would be kinda fascinating to figure out what is really happening to lead to the described behaviors.

patrakov 19 hours ago

I think I know what has happened.

The PSU manufacturer has cheaped out on the capacitor in the input, in hope that the circuit which switches the primary coil would still be able to extract enough power even if the instantaneous mains voltage drops to something as low as 30V (which it does twice every period). So, on a pure sine wave input, they only need to cover this (relatively short, below 3%) below-30V gap twice every period.

But with the UPS feeding the circuit, the situation is different: most of the time, the rectified voltage is 340V, however, there is a significant period of exactly 0V that still needs to be covered by the capacitor.

friend_Fernando a day ago

An even better fix for this category of problems is DC distribution at the homelab scale. I've replaced most of my 5V and 12V wall warts with a PC PSU. A number of transient issues that used to affect some of the gear disappeared.

  • immibis 17 hours ago

    At Chaos Communication Camp (2023) I brought a hard drive to attach to a Raspberry Pi with a USB adapter, and a little solar power system because I could.

    I realized the inverter was using about 5 watts idle and that was about half of my average power budget for the camp (counting night time), so I cut the adapter's cable and re-wired it directly to the battery. Worked fine. Most components in a computer that nominally run at 12V are passing it through some sort of adaptive converter (either a buck converter or directly to a speed-controlled motor) so they have a fairly wide voltage tolerance. I obviously didn't find out if it reduced the lifespan at all.

baobun a day ago

Similarly: I thought I had some bad workstation hardware (brand-name mobo and PSU), seeing severe memory corruption issues. After putting it behind a UPS (only after losing a zpool from it), it's all clean.

causality0 a day ago

So he repeatedly feeds dirty power into consumer routers and is surprised when they don't function correctly. Then he writes an article complaining about it while being careful to exclude any relevant facts like the models of router and power supply or any actual measurements from his oscilloscope. Gold star writing this is.

ajuc a day ago

Some things never change.

I remember waking up early on Saturdays in 90s to load some game from tape on my C64 before the neighbor starts his sawmill. Couldn't load anything when it was running :)

  • mmcgaha a day ago

    I used to run my mother's vacuum cleaner plugged into the same outlet as my C64 to keep it from crashing.

timewizard a day ago

> But we realise that capacitors cost a few cents each and aren’t really required on stable grid supplies.

The type that can do this also fail at a rate that depends on temperature. Which is why they shouldn't use them internally. If you truly need to condition your power than you need to do it separately as almost no one shares in this problem and would not be benefited by adding these degradable parts.